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Black Pregnancy Dangers, Deaths Seen as a ‘Completely Preventable’ Health Crisis_我的网站

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A | 英维达已于2019年CES正式发布了面向主流玩家的RTX2060图形卡。与其他20系列图形卡相比，RTX2060图形卡仍然具有较高的性价比，而且性能的提高幅度也可以承受价格。

HOUSTON — Tonjanic Hill was overjoyed in 2017 when she learned she was 14 weeks pregnant. Despite a history of uterine fibroids, she never lost faith that she would someday have a child.

But, just five weeks after confirming her pregnancy, and the day after a gender-reveal party where she announced she was having a girl, she seemed unable to stop urinating. She didn’t realize her amniotic fluid was leaking. Then came the excruciating pain.

“I ended up going to the emergency room,” said Hill, now 35. “That’s where I had the most traumatic, horrible experience ever.”

An ultrasound showed she had lost 90% of her amniotic fluid. Yet, over the angry protestations of her nurse, Hill said, the attending doctor insisted Hill be discharged and see her own OB-GYN the next day. The doctor brushed off her concerns, she said. The next morning, her OB-GYN’s office rushed her back to the hospital. But she lost her baby, Tabitha Winnie Denkins.

“This is a public health crisis as it relates to Black moms and babies that is completely preventable,” said Barbie Robinson, who took over as executive director of Harris County Public Health in March 2021. “When you look at the breakdown demographically — who’s disproportionately impacted by the lack of access — we have a situation where we can expect these horrible outcomes.”

In fact, Harris County ranks third, behind only Chicago’s Cook County and Detroit’s Wayne County, in what are known as excess Black infant deaths, according to the federal Health Resources and Services Administration. Those three counties, which also are among the nation’s most populated counties, account for 7% of all Black births in the country and 9% of excess Black infant deaths, said Ashley Hirai, a senior scientist at HRSA. That means the counties have the largest number of Black births but also more deaths that would not occur if Black babies had the same chance of reaching their 1st birthdays as white infants.

No known genetic reasons exist for Black infants to die at higher rates than white infants. Such deaths are often called “deaths of disparity” because they are likely attributable to systemic racial disparities. Regardless of economic status or educational attainment, the stress from experiencing persistent systemic racism leads to adverse health consequences for Black women and their babies, according to a study published in the journal Women’s Health Issues.

These miscarriages and deaths can occur even in communities that otherwise appear to have vast health resources. In Harris County, for example, home to two public hospitals and the Texas Medical Center — the largest medical complex in the world, with more than 54 medical-related institutions and 21 hospitals — mortality rates were 11.1 per 1,000 births for Black infants from 2014 through 2019, according to the March of Dimes, compared with 4.7 for white infants.

The abundance of providers in Harris County hasn’t reassured pregnant Black patients that they can find care that is timely, appropriate or culturally competent — care that acknowledges a person’s heritage, beliefs and values during treatment.

Regardless of income or insurance status, studies show, medical providers often dismiss Black women’s questions and concerns, minimize their physical complaints and fail to offer appropriate care. By contrast, a study of 1.8 million hospital births spanning 23 years in Florida found that the gap in mortality rates between Black and white newborns was halved for Black babies when Black physicians cared for them.

In 2013, Houstonian Kay Matthews was running a successful catering business when she lost the daughter she’d named Troya eight months and three weeks into pregnancy.

Matthews hadn’t felt well — she’d been sluggish and tired — for several days, but her doctor told her not to worry. Not long afterward, she woke up realizing something was terribly wrong. She passed out after calling 911. When she woke up, she was in the emergency room.

None of the medical staffers would talk to her, she said. She had no idea what was happening, no one was answering her questions, and she started having a panic attack.

“It kind of felt like I was watching myself lose everything,” she recalled. She said the nurse seemed annoyed with her questions and demeanor and gave her a sedative. “When I woke up, I did not have a baby.”

Matthews recalled one staffer insinuating that she and her partner couldn’t afford to pay the bill, even though she was a financially stable business owner, and he had a well-paying job as a truck driver.

She said hospital staffers showed minimal compassion after she lost Troya. They seemed to dismiss her grief, she said. It was the first time she could remember feeling as if she was treated callously because she is Black.

“There was no respect at all, like zero respect or compassion,” said Matthews, who has since founded the Shades of Blue Project, a Houston nonprofit focused on improving maternal mental health, primarily for Black patients.

To help combat these high mortality rates in Harris County, Robinson created a maternal child and health office and launched a home-visit pilot program to connect prenatal and postpartum patients with resources such as housing assistance, medical care and social services. Limited access to healthy food and recreational activities are barriers to healthy pregnancy outcomes. Studies have also shown a connection between evictions and infant mortality.

For Hill, not having insurance was also likely a factor. While pregnant, Hill said, she had had just a single visit at a community health center before her miscarriage. She was working multiple jobs as a college student and did not have employer-provided medical coverage. She was not yet approved for Medicaid, the state-federal program for people with low incomes or disabilities.

Texas has the nation’s highest uninsured rate, with nearly 5 million Texans — or 20% of those younger than 65 — lacking coverage, said Anne Dunkelberg, a senior fellow with Every Texan, a nonprofit research and advocacy institute focused on equity in public policy. While non-Hispanic Black Texans have a slightly better rate — 17% — than that overall state level, it’s still higher than the 12% rate for non-Hispanic white Texans, according to census data. Health experts fear that many more people are losing insurance coverage as COVID-19 pandemic protections end for Medicaid.

Without full coverage, those who are pregnant may avoid seeking care, meaning they skip being seen in the critical first trimester, said Fatimah Lalani, medical director at Houston’s Hope Clinic.

Texas had the lowest percentage of mothers receiving early prenatal care in the nation in 2020, according to the state’s 2021 Healthy Texas Mothers and Babies Databook, and non-Hispanic Black moms and babies were less likely to receive first-trimester care than other racial and ethnic groups. Babies born without prenatal care were three times as likely to have a low birth weight and five times as likely to die as those whose mothers had care.

Hill’s twins, though premature, are now preschoolers. “I believe God — and the high-risk doctor — saved my twins,” she says.(Brandon Thibodeaux/KFF Health News)

If Hill’s miscarriage reflects how the system failed her, the birth of her twins two years later demonstrates how appropriate support has the potential to change outcomes.

With Medicaid coverage from the beginning of her second pregnancy, Hill saw a high-risk pregnancy specialist. Diagnosed early with what’s called an incompetent cervix, Hill was consistently seen, monitored and treated. She also was put on bed rest for her entire pregnancy.

She had an emergency cesarean section at 34 weeks, and both babies spent two weeks in neonatal intensive care. Today, her premature twins are 3 years old.

“I believe God — and the high-risk doctor — saved my twins,” she said.

This article was produced by KFF Health News, a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF. It has been published with permission.

。作为上游GPU的核心制造商，考虑到20系列图形卡的非公开和公开版本，您在过去几天看到了Invida RTX 2060图形卡的性能。图形卡的一般特征与非公共RTX2060的性能相似。

B | 那么，非公共图形卡是否有自己的特点呢？显然不是。与20系列公共图形卡相比，非公共图形卡以其夸张的散热器和强大的散热能力而闻名。在对Sotai公共图形卡的测试中，我们还看到了Sotai Geforce RTX 2060 Supreme Plus带来的超级散热。外貌：索台的散热器，祖传的散热片，总是给人一种大胆的感觉，这在索台Geforce RTX2060 Supreme Plus中也是如此。三个球迷向世界展示了他们出色的散热性能，至于这是否与官方所说的一样，我们还是要测试一下。Sotai Geforce RTX 2060 Supreme Plus有一个金属背板。

C | 目前，背板设计已经成为高性能游戏图形卡的标准。它可以扩大散热面积，有效地辅助图形卡的PCB高热元件散热。即使对于RTX 2060图形卡，Sotai Geforce RTX 2060 Supreme Plus仍然使用8pin的豪华电源接口，这是官方的RTX 2060接口。Sotai Geforce RTX 2060 Supreme Plus的扩展接口仍然是那些，包括一个HDMI接口和三个DFP接口，但我不知道为什么Invida不添加一个HDMI接口。性能：非公共图形卡和公共图形卡之间的差距可以忽略不计。有了Boost4.0和增强版的公共图形卡，您更难使非公共图形卡具有反天堂的性能。否则，更难直接使用液氮超频。一般的非公共图形卡和公共图形卡在同等的基础上。Sothey Geforce RTX 2060 Supreme Plus是这样的吗？我们使用三维标记理论测试和实际游戏来观察它们之间的区别。在3dmark测试中，我们发现Sothegeforce RTX 2060 Supreme Plus在三次测试中都高于公共版RTX 2060，但是这个头部可以忽略，几乎50分的差异甚至可以认为是由错误造成的。1080p分辨率测试1440p分辨率测试在1080p和1440p分辨率测试中，Sothey Geforce RTX 2060 Supreme Plus和Public RTX 2060之间的性能差距不是很大，可以说是来了又走了，这也对应于3D标记的理论测试，也就是说，非Public图形卡和Publ之间几乎没有差距。IC图形卡。然后讨论超频。我不知道发生了什么事。从20系列开始，超频之王的名字似乎应该给英伟达的公共图形卡，而不是非公共图形卡。在英伟达RTX2060FE的评估中，很容易对170MHz的图形卡进行超频，并顺利通过了时间拷贝测试。在Sotai Geforce RTX 2060 Supreme Plus的超频测试中，情况远不如公共版RTX 2060理想。当频率增加到100MHz时，它不能通过时间拷贝。只有当它降到70MHz时，它才能顺利通过。至于公共版本RTX2060是否使用特殊芯片，目前还不清楚。

D | 散热和功耗：目前，主要的非公共图形卡的性能基本处于同一水平。当然，我们的竞争对手是散热器的散热能力和额外的照明效率，这也是毫无意义的，而Sotai Geforce RTX 2060 Supreme Plus通过强大的散热为我们提供了一个令人满意的答案。

E | _furmark温度测试在复印机中通过furmark，sothey geforce rtx 2060 supreme plus显卡的满载温度仅为59摄氏度，低于官方rtx 2060显卡的63摄氏度。虽然4摄氏度似乎不是很大，但它足以反映散热器的性能水平。在功耗方面，由于Sotai Geforce RTX 2060 Supreme Plus加灯，该图形卡的功耗比公共RTX 2080卡的功耗更大，比公共RTX 2080卡的功耗大20W-30W左右，整机满负荷约320W左右，毕竟非公共图形卡的功耗更大。强大的散热。小结：公共图形卡和非公共图形卡的性能差距没有预期的大，尤其是20系列图形卡。

F | 增强版的公共图形卡的性能与非公共图形卡基本相同，有些游戏稍好一些，这让非公共图形卡制造商有点尴尬。幸运的是，今天的非公开显卡也可以在散热器上制作物品，所以我们看到很多产品都带有大量的热管，以及众多的RGB灯饰王。在本测试中，Sotai RTX 2060图形卡具有与公共版RTX 2060 FE相同的性能，这取决于其强大的散热能力。应该知道，RTX2060的FE版本是标准版本的增强版本。